古往今来

1. Basic Information

• Pinyin: gǔ wǎng jīn lái
• English Translation: From ancient times to the present (throughout history)
• Idiom Composition: 「古」（Ancient times; the past）＋「往」（To pass or go (referring to time that has gone by)）＋「今」（The present; now）＋「来」（To come or arrive (referring to time coming toward the present)）
• Meaning: Refers to the entire span of time from the distant past to the current day. It is used to discuss historical perspectives or universal truths that remain unchanged across different eras.

2. Detailed Meaning and Nuances

「古往今来」 contains the following nuances:

• Continuity of Time: Rather than just pointing to two separate points in time (then and now), this idiom emphasizes the continuous, unbroken flow of history leading into the present.
• Emphasis on Universality: It is often used in contexts describing things that never change, making it highly effective for discussing universal truths or the fundamental nature of humanity.

3. Usage

「古往今来」 is mainly used in the following contexts:

• Historical Evaluation and Summary: Used when evaluating or reflecting on historical figures, events, or works of art within a long-term chronological framework.
  • Example:「古往今来，无数诗人都在歌颂月亮。」
    （Throughout the ages, countless poets have sung the praises of the moon.）
• Presenting Universal Truths: Used to describe laws or aspects of human society that remain constant regardless of the era.
  • Example:「成王败寇，这是古往今来不变的道理。」
    （To the victor go the spoils; this is a principle that has remained unchanged from ancient times to the present.）
• Emphasizing Scale: Used at the beginning or within a sentence to emphasize that a matter is not temporary but of historical proportions.
  • Example:「古往今来，没有哪一场战争是不残酷的。」
    （In all of history, there has never been a war that was not cruel.）

Additional Examples:

1. 古往今来，多少英雄豪杰被历史的浪潮淹没。
   （Throughout history, how many heroes and legends have been swallowed by the tides of time?）
2. 这幅画被认为是古往今来最伟大的艺术作品之一。
   （This painting is considered one of the greatest works of art of all time.）
3. 追求幸福是古往今来人类共同的愿望。
   （The pursuit of happiness has been a common human desire since time immemorial.）
4. 古往今来的哲学家都在思考生命的意义。
   （Philosophers throughout the ages have all pondered the meaning of life.）

4. Cultural Background and Notes

• Source: This expression can be traced back to the Huainanzi (淮南子), specifically the chapter Qisu Xun (齐俗训), which states: 'The past and the present are called zhou (往古来今谓之宙).' It also appears in the Rhapsody on the Western Expedition (西征赋) by the Jin Dynasty poet Pan Yue (潘岳).
• The Concept of Time: In the Chinese word for 'universe' (宇宙 - yǔzhòu), the character 宇 (yǔ) refers to infinite space, while 宙 (zhòu) refers to infinite time. This idiom 古往今来 (gǔ wǎng jīn lái) perfectly encapsulates that concept of 宙 (zhòu).
• Register: While it can be used in both written and spoken Chinese, it carries a formal and grand nuance. It is typically reserved for significant themes like history, culture, or life lessons rather than trivial daily matters.

5. Similar and Opposite Idioms

• Similar Idioms:
  • 从古至今 (cóng gǔ zhì jīn): From ancient times until now. This is a more colloquial and plain expression with almost the same meaning as the main idiom.
  • 古今中外 (gǔ jīn zhōng wài): Ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. This phrase refers to all scopes of existence, covering both time and space (location).link
  • 自始至终 (zì shǐ zhì zhōng): From beginning to end.link
• Opposite Idioms:
  • 盛极一时 (shèng jí yī shí): To be at the height of one's power or popularity for a period of time.link
  • 好景不长 (hǎo jǐng bù cháng): Good times do not last long.link

6. Summary

The idiom 古往今来 (gǔ wǎng jīn lái) describes the long, continuous flow of time from the past to the present. It carries the nuance of "since time immemorial" or "in every age," and is frequently used to state historical facts or universal principles, lending a sense of grandeur and persuasiveness to the text.